In January 2024 I participated in Bloganuary, a “write a blog post every day for a month” challenge organised by Automattic. I wasn’t
100% impressed by the prompts made available and was – as an employee of Automattic – shuffling towards trying to help make them better in a future year. To be part of the solution!
There’s definitely something in this ‘winter sun’ thing that seems to help me stay sane in the cold dark months. This morning, I’m blogging from a
hotel balcony in Peurtro de la Cruz, Tenerife.
Of course, two significant things changed since then:
As part of a sweeping range of redundancies, I was let go from my position at Automattic2,
and
Automattic ceased running Bloganuary: I’m guessing that the folks responsible for making it happen were among the many that Automattic decided to axe, or else their shifting
priorities – reflected by their waves of layoffs – are no longer compatible with providing that service to bloggers.
Ah well, I figured. I’d just do my own thing. I can write something for every day in January 2026, can’t I?
Generating a chart...
If this message doesn't go away, the JavaScript that makes this magic work probably isn't doing its job right: please tell Dan so he can fix it.
In general, I suppose I’ve been blogging more-frequently lately. Why is that? I guess it’s been a realisation that a blog post doesn’t always have to be polished to perfection.
I still write long-form posts which require research and planning, like setting up a network of Windows 3.x VMs just to get screenshots of what
programming then looked like or making that podcast episode with the music in it… but I’m also feeling more-free to just
express myself in the moment. To share things I see that look interesting or funny or
pretty, or just whatever I’m thinking. I’ve been using “kinds” to categorise my posts so it’s easy for people to avoid my more-inane stuff if
they like, but that’s a secondary consideration because ultimately… I blog for me.
Anyway… all of which is to say that I’ve been writing more and I’ve been loving it. The best way to read more of what I’m writing, if you’d like to, remains: by subscribing via RSS.
1 I’d anticipated having a lack of Internet access, but in fact 4G was widespread
throughout both islands and overall I managed to post something on every day except three in January 2025.
2 Based on friends I’ve spoken to, there seem to have been a lot more folks let go since;
the company seems to be shrinking quite a lot, which might go some way to explaining my second observation too.
An RM Nimbus was not the first computer on which I played Game of Life1. But this glider is here symbolically, anyway.
I can trace my hacker roots back further than my first experience of using an RM
Nimbus M-Series in circa 19922.
But there was something particular about my experience of this popular piece of British edutech kit which provided me with a seminal experience that shaped my “hacker identity”. And
it’s that experience about which I’d like to tell you:
Shortly after I started secondary school, they managed to upgrade their computer lab from a handful of Nimbus PC-186s to a fancy new network of M-Series PC-386s. The school were clearly very proud of this cutting-edge new acquisition, and we watched the
teachers lay out the manuals and worksheets which smelled fresh and new and didn’t yet have their corners frayed nor their covers daubed in graffiti.
I only got to use the schools’ older computers – this kind! – once or twice before the new ones were delivered.
Program Manager
The new ones ran Windows 3 (how fancy!). Well… kind-of. They’d been patched with a carefully-modified copy of Program Manager that imposed a variety of limitations. For example, they had removed the File > Run… menu item, along
with an icon for File Manager, in order to restrict access to only the applications approved by the network administrator.
A special program was made available to copy files between floppy disks and the user’s network home directory. This allowed a student to take their work home with them if they wanted.
The copying application – whose interface was vastly inferior to File Manager‘s – was limited to only copying files with extensions in its allowlist. This meant that (given
that no tool was available that could rename files) the network was protected from anybody introducing any illicit file types.
Bring a .doc on a floppy? You can copy it to your home directory. Bring a .exe? You can’t even see it.
To young-teen-Dan, this felt like a challenge. What I had in front of me was a general-purpose computer with a limited selection of software but a floppy drive through which media could
be introduced. What could I make it do?
This isn’t my school’s computer lab circa mid-1990s (it’s this school) but it has absolutely the same
energy. Except that I think Solitaire was one of the applications that had been carefully removed from Program Manager.
Spoiler: eventually I ended up being able to execute pretty much anything I wanted, but we’ll get to that. The journey is the important part of the story. I didn’t start by asking “can
I trick this locked-down computer lab into letting my friends and I play Doom deathmatches on it?” I started by asking “what can I make it do?”; everything else built up over
time.
Recorder + Paintbrush made for an interesting way to use these basic and limited tools to produce animations. Like this one, except at school I’d have put more effort in4.
Microsoft Word
Then I noticed that Microsoft Word also had a macro recorder, but this one was scriptable using a programming language called WordBasic (a predecessor to Visual Basic for
Applications). So I pulled up the help and started exploring what it could do.
And as soon as I discovered the Shell function, I realised that
the limitations that were being enforced on the network could be completely sidestepped.
A Windows 3 computer that runs Word… can run any other executable it has access to. Thanks, macro editor.
Now that I could run any program I liked, I started poking the edges of what was possible.
Could I get a MS-DOS prompt/command shell? Yes, absolutely5.
Could I write to the hard disk drive? Yes, but any changes got wiped when the computer performed its network boot.
Could I store arbitrary files in my personal network storage? Yes, anything I could bring in on floppy disks6
could be persisted on the network server.
I didn’t have a proper LAN at home7
So I really enjoyed the opportunity to explore, unfettered, what I could get up to with Windows’ network stack.
The “WinNuke” NetBIOS remote-crash vulnerability was a briefly-entertaining way to troll classmates, but unlocking WinPopup/Windows Chat capability was ultimately more-rewarding.
File Manager
I started to explore the resources on the network. Each pupil had their own networked storage space, but couldn’t access one another’s. But among the directories shared between
all students, I found a directory to which I had read-write access.
I created myself a subdirectory and set the hidden bit on it, and started dumping into it things that I wanted to keep on the network8.
By now my classmates were interested in what I was achieving, and I wanted in the benefits of my success. So I went back to Word and made a document template that looked
superficially like a piece of coursework, but which contained macro code that would connect to the shared network drive and allow the user to select from a series of programs that
they’d like to run.
Gradually, compressed over a series of floppy disks, I brought in a handful of games: Commander Keen, Prince of Persia, Wing Commander, Civilization,
Wolfenstein 3D, even Dune II. I got increasingly proficient at modding games to strip out unnecessary content, e.g. the sound and music files9,
minimising the number of floppy disks I needed to ZIP (or ARJ!) content to before smuggling it in via my shirt pocket, always sure not to
be carrying so many floppies that it’d look suspicious.
The goldmine moment – for my friends, at least – was the point at which I found a way to persistently store files in a secret shared location, allowing me to help them run whatever
they liked without passing floppy disks around the classroom (which had been my previous approach).
In a particularly bold move, I implemented a simulated login screen which wrote the entered credentials into the shared space before crashing the computer. I left it running,
unattended, on computers that I thought most-likely to be used by school staff, and eventually bagged myself the network administrator’s password. I only used it twice: the first time,
to validate my hypothesis about the access levels it granted; the second, right before I finished school, to confirm my suspicion that it wouldn’t have been changed during my entire
time there10.
Are you sure you want to quit?
My single biggest mistake was sharing my new-found power with my classmates. When I made that Word template that let others run the software I’d introduced to the
network, the game changed.
When it was just me, asking the question what can I make it do?, everything was fun and exciting.
But now half a dozen other teens were nagging me and asking “can you make it do X?”
This wasn’t exploration. This wasn’t innovation. This wasn’t using my curiosity to push at the edges of a system and its restrictions! I didn’t want to find the exploitable boundaries
of computer systems so I could help make it easier for other people to do so… no: I wanted the challenge of finding more (and weirder) exploits!
I wanted out. But I didn’t want to say to my friends that I didn’t want to do something “for” them any more11.
I figured: I needed to get “caught”.
I considered just using graphics software to make these screenshots… but it turned out to be faster to spin up a network of virtual machines running Windows 3.11 and some basic tools.
I actually made the stupid imaginary dialog box you’re seeing.12
I chose… to get sloppy.
I took a copy of some of the software that I’d put onto the shared network drive and put it in my own home directory, this time un-hidden. Clearly our teacher was already suspicious and
investigating, because within a few days, this was all that was needed for me to get caught and disciplined13.
I was disappointed not to be asked how I did it, because I was sufficiently proud of my approach that I’d hoped to be able to brag about it to somebody who’d
understand… but I guess our teacher just wanted to brush it under the carpet and move on.
Aftermath
The school’s IT admin certainly never worked-out the true scope of my work. My “hidden” files remained undiscovered, and my friends were able to continue to use my special Word template
to play games that I’d introduced to the network14.
I checked, and the hidden files were still there when I graduated.
The warning worked: I kept my nose clean in computing classes for the remainder of secondary school. But I would’ve been happy to, anyway: I already felt like I’d “solved” the challenge
of turning the school computer network to my interests and by now I’d moved on to other things… learning how to reverse-engineer phone networks… and credit card processors… and
copy-protection systems. Oh, the stories I could tell15.
I “get” it that some of my classmates – including some of those pictured – were mostly interested in the results of my hacking efforts. But for me it always was – and still
is – about the journey of discovery.
But I’ll tell you what: 13-ish year-old me ought to be grateful to the RM Nimbus network at my school for providing an interesting system about which my developing “hacker brain” could
ask: what can I make it do?
Which remains one of the most useful questions with which to foster a hacker mentality.
Footnotes
1 I first played Game of Life on an Amstrad CPC464, or possibly a PC1512.
2 What is the earliest experience to which I can credit my “hacker mindset”?
Tron and WarGames might have played a part, as might have the
“hacking” sequence in Ferris Bueller’s Day Off. And there was the videogame Hacker and its sequel (it’s funny to
see their influence in modern games). Teaching myself to program so that I could make
text-based adventures was another. Dissecting countless obfuscated systems to see how they worked… that’s yet another one: something I did perhaps initially to cheat at games by
poking their memory addresses or hexediting their save games… before I moved onto reverse-engineering copy protection systems and working out how they could be circumvented… and then
later still when I began building hardware that made it possible for me to run interesting experiments on telephone networks.
Any of all of these datapoints, which took place over a decade, could be interpreted as “the moment” that I became a hacker! But they’re not the ones I’m talking about today.
Today… is the story of the RM Nimbus.
3 Whatever happened to Recorder? After it disappeared in Windows 95 I occasionally had
occasion to think to myself “hey, this would be easier if I could just have the computer watch me and copy what I do a few times.” But it was not to be: Microsoft decided that this
level of easy automation wasn’t for everyday folks. Strangely, it wasn’t long after Microsoft dropped macro recording as a standard OS feature that Apple decided that MacOS
did need a feature like this. Clearly it’s still got value as a concept!
4 Just to clarify: I put more effort in to making animations, which were not part of
my schoolwork back when I was a kid. I certainly didn’t put more effort into my education.
5 The computers had been configured to make DOS access challenging: a boot menu let you
select between DOS and Windows, but both were effectively nerfed. Booting into DOS loaded an RM-provided menu that couldn’t be killed; the MS-DOS prompt icon was absent from Program
Manager and quitting Windows triggered an immediate shutdown.
6 My secondary school didn’t get Internet access during the time I was enrolled there. I
was recently trying to explain to one of my kids the difference between “being on a network” and “having Internet access”, and how often I found myself on a network that wasn’t
internetworked, back in the day. I fear they didn’t get it.
7 I was in the habit of occasionally hooking up PCs together with null modem cables, but only much later on would I end up acquiring sufficient “thinnet”
10BASE2 kit that I could throw together a network for a LAN party.
8 Initially I was looking to sidestep the space limitation enforcement on my “home”
directory, and also to put the illicit software I was bringing in somewhere that could not be trivially-easily traced back to me! But later on this “shared” directory became the
repository from which I’d distribute software to my friends, too.
9 The school computer didn’t have soundcards and nobody would have wanted PC speakers
beeping away in the classroom while they were trying to play a clandestine videogame anyway.
10 The admin password was concepts. For at least four years.
11 Please remember that at this point I was a young teenager and so was pretty well
over-fixated on what my peers thought of me! A big part of the persona I presented was of somebody who didn’t care what others thought of him, I’m sure, but a mask that
doesn’t look like a mask… is still a mask. But yeah: I had a shortage of self-confidence and didn’t feel able to say no.
13 I was briefly alarmed when there was talk of banning me from the computer lab for
the remainder of my time at secondary school, which scared me because I was by now half-way through my
boring childhood “life plan” to become a computer programmer by what seemed to be the appropriate route, and I feared that not being able to do a GCSE in a CS-adjacent subject
could jeopardise that (it wouldn’t have).
14 That is, at least, my friends who were brave enough to carry on doing so after the
teacher publicly (but inaccurately) described my alleged offences, seemingly as a warning to others.
15 Oh, the stories I probably shouldn’t tell! But here’s a teaser: when I
built my first “beige box” (analogue phone tap hardware) I experimented with tapping into the phone line at my dad’s house from the outside. I carefully shaved off some of
the outer insulation of the phone line that snaked down the wall from the telegraph pole and into the house through the wall to expose the wires inside, identified each, and then
croc-clipped my box onto it and was delighted to discovered that I could make and receive calls “for” the house. And then, just out of curiosity to see what kinds of protections were
in place to prevent short-circuiting, I experimented with introducing one to the ringer line… and took out all the phones on the street. Presumably I threw a circuit breaker in the
roadside utility cabinet. Anyway, I patched-up my damage and – fearing that my dad would be furious on his return at the non-functioning telecomms – walked to the nearest functioning
payphone to call the operator and claim that the phone had stopped working and I had no idea why. It was fixed within three hours. Phew!
I have a credit card with HSBC1. It doesn’t see much use2,
but I still get a monthly statement from them, and an email to say it’s available.
Not long ago I received a letter from them telling me that emails to me were being “returned undelivered” and they needed me to update the email address on my account.
“What’s happening?”
I don’t know what emails are being “returned undelivered” to HSBC, but it isn’t any of the ones sitting, read, in my email client.
I logged into my account, per the instructions in the letter, and discovered my correct email address already right there, much to my… lack of surprise3.
So I kicked off a live chat via their app, with an agent called Ankitha. Over the course of a drawn-out hour-long conversation, they repeatedly told to tell me how to update my
email address (which was never my question). Eventually, when they understood that my email address was already correct, then they concluded the call, saying (emphasis mine):
I can understand your frustration, but if the bank has sent the letter, you will have to update the e-mail address.
This is the point at which a normal person would probably just change the email address in their online banking to a “spare” email address.
Perhaps I should be grateful that they didn’t say that I have to change my name, which can sometimes be significantly more awkward than my email
address…
So I called Customer Services directly5,
who told me that if my email address is already correct then I can ignore their letter.
I suggested that perhaps their letter template might need updating so it doesn’t say “action required” if action is not required. Or that perhaps what they mean to say is
“action required: check your email address is correct”.
Say what you mean, HSBC! I’ve suggested an improvement to your letter template.
So anyway, apparently everything’s fine… although I reserved final judgement until I’d seen that they were still sending me emails!
“Action required”
I think I can place a solid guess about what went wrong here. But it makes me feel like we’re living in the Darkest Timeline.
You know the one I mean. Somebody rolled a ‘1’, didn’t they…
I dissected HSBC’s latest email to me: it was of the “your latest statement is available” variety. Deep within the email, down at the bottom, is this code:
What you’re seeing are two tracking pixels: tiny 1×1 pixel images, usually transparent or white-on-white to make them even-more invisible, used to surreptitiously track when
somebody reads an email. When you open an email from HSBC – potentially every time you open an email from them – your email client connects to those web addresses to get
the necessary images. The code at the end of each identifies the email they were contained within, which in turn can be linked back to the recipient.
You know how invasive a read-receipt feels? Tracking pixels are like those… but turned up to eleven. While a read-receipt only says “the recipient read this email” (usually only after
the recipient gives consent for it to do so), a tracking pixel can often track when and how often you refer to an email6.
If I re-read a year-old email from HSBC, they’re saying that they want to know about it.
But it gets worse. Because HSBC are using http://, rather than https:// URLs for their tracking pixels, they’re also saying that every time you read an email
from them, they’d like everybody on the same network as you to be able to know that you did so, too. If you’re at my house, on my WiFi, and you open an email from HSBC, not
only might HSBC know about it, but I might know about it too.
An easily-avoidable security failure there, HSBC… which isn’t the kind of thing one hopes to hear about a bank!
Tracking pixels are usually invisible, so I turned these ones visible so you can see where they hide.
But… tracking pixels don’t actually work. At least, they doesn’t work on me. Like many privacy-conscious individuals, my devices are configured to block tracking pixels (and a
variety of other instruments of surveillance capitalism) right out of the gate.
This means that even though I do read most of the non-spam email that lands in my Inbox, the sender doesn’t get to know that I did so unless I choose to tell them.
This is the way that email was designed to work, and is the only way that a sender can be confident that it will work.
But we’re in the Darkest Timeline. Tracking pixels have become so endemic that HSBC have clearly come to the opinion
that if they can’t track when I open their emails, I must not be receiving their emails. So they wrote me a letter to tell me that my emails have been “returned
undelivered” (which seems to be an outright lie).
Surveillance capitalism has become so ubiquitous that it’s become transparent. Transparent like the invisible spies at the bottom of your bank’s emails.
I’ve changed my mind. Maybe this is what HSBC’s letter should have said.
So in summary, with only a little speculation:
Surveillance capitalism became widespread enough that HSBC came to assume that tracking pixels have bulletproof reliability.
HSBC started using tracking pixels them to check whether emails are being received (even though that’s not what they do when they are reliable, which
they’re not).
(Oh, and their tracking pixels are badly-implemented, if they worked they’d “leak” data to other people on my network7.)
Eventually, HSBC assumed their tracking was bulletproof. Because HSBC couldn’t track how often, when, and where I was reading their emails… they posted me a letter to
tell me I needed to change my email address.
What do I think HSBC should do?
Instead of sending me a misleading letter about undelivered emails, perhaps a better approach for HSBC could be:
At an absolute minimum, stop using unencrypted connections for tracking pixels. I do not want to open a bank email on a cafe’s public WiFi and have
everybody in the cafe potentially know who I bank with… and that I just opened an email from them! I certainly don’t want attackers injecting content into the bottom of
legitimate emails.
Stop assuming that if somebody blocks your attempts to spy on them via your emails, it means they’re not getting your emails. It doesn’t mean that. It’s never meant
that. There are all kinds of reasons that your tracking pixels might not work, and they’re not even all privacy-related reasons!
Or, better yet: just stop trying to surveil your customers’ email habits in the first place? You already sit on a wealth of personal and financial information which
you can, and probably do, data-mine for your own benefit. Can you at least try to pay lip service to your own published principles on the
ethical use of data and, if I may quote them, “use only that data which is appropriate for the purpose” and “embed privacy considerations into design and approval processes”.
If you need to check that an email address is valid, do that, not an unreliable proxy for it. Instead of this letter, you could have sent an email that
said “We need to check that you’re receiving our emails. Please click this link to confirm that you are.” This not only achieves informed consent for your tracking, but it can be
more-secure too because you can authenticate the user during the process.
Also, to quote your own principles once more: when you make a mistake like assuming your spying is a flawless way to detect the validity of email addresses, perhaps you should “be
transparent with our customers and other stakeholders about how we use their data”.
Wouldn’t that be better than writing to a customer to say that their emails are being returned undelivered (when they’re not)… and then having your staff tell them that having received
such an email they have no choice but to change the email address they use (which is then disputed by your other staff)?
</rant>
Footnotes
1 You know, the bank with virtue-signalling multiculturalism that we used to joke about.
4 After all, as I’ll stress again: the email address HSBC have for me, and are using,
is already correct.
5 In future, I’ll just do this in the first instance. The benefits of live chat being able
to be done “in the background” while one gets on with some work are totally outweighed when the entire exchange takes an hour only to reach an unsatisfactory conclusion,
whereas a telephone call got things sorted (well hopefully…) within 10 minutes.
6 A tracking pixel can also collect additional personal information about you, such as
your IP address at the time that you opened the email, which might disclose your location.
7 It could be even worse still, actually! A sophisticated attacker could “inject” images
into the bottom of a HSBC email; those images could, for example, be pictures of text saying things like “You need to urgently call HSBC on [attacker’s phone number].” This would
allow a scammer to hijack a legitimate HSBC email by injecting their own content into the bottom of it. Seriously, HSBC, you ought to fix this.
I just needed to spin up a new PHP webserver and I was amazed how fast and easy it was, nowadays. I mean: Caddyalready makes it
pretty easy, but I was delighted to see that, since the last time I did this, the default package repositories had 100% of what I needed!
Apart from setting the hostname, creating myself a user and adding them to the sudo group, and reconfiguring sshd to my preference, I’d
done nothing on this new server. And then to set up a fully-functioning PHP-powered webserver, all I needed to run (for a domain “example.com”) was:
After that, I was able to put an index.php file into /var/www/example.com and it just worked.
And when I say “just worked”, I mean with all the bells and whistles you ought to expect from Caddy. HTTPS came as standard (with a solid QualSys grade). HTTP/3 was supported with a
0-RTT handshake.
As I lay in bed the other night, I became aware of an unusually-bright LED, glowing in the corner of my room1. Lying still in the dark, I noticed
that as I looked directly at the light meant that I couldn’t see it… but when I looked straight ahead – not at it – I could make it out.
In my bedroom the obstruction was the corner of my pillow, not a nondescript black rectangle. Also: my eyeball was firmly within my skull and not floating freely in a white void.
This phenomenon seems to be most-pronounced when the thing you’re using a single eye to looking at something small and pointlike (like an LED), and where there’s an obstacle closer to
your eye than to the thing you’re looking at. But it’s still a little spooky2.
It’s strange how sometimes you might be less-able to see something that you’re looking directly at… than something that’s only in your peripheral vision.
I’m now at six months since I started working for Firstup.3 And as I continue to narrow my focus on the specifics of the
company’s technology, processes, and customers… I’m beginning to lose a sight of some of the things that were in my peripheral vision.
I’ve not received quite so many articles of branded clothing and other swap from my new employer as I did from my previous, but getting useful ‘swag’ still feels cool.
I’m a big believer in the idea that folks who are new to your group (team, organisation, whatever) have a strange superpower that fades over time: the ability to look at “how you work”
as an outsider and bring new ideas. It requires a certain boldness to not just accept the status quo but to ask “but why do we do things this way?”. Sure, the answer will
often be legitimate and unchallengeable, but by using your superpower and raising the question you bring a chance of bringing valuable change.
That superpower has a sweet spot. A point at which a person knows enough about your new role that they can answer the easy questions, but not so late that they’ve become accustomed to
the “quirks” that they can’t see them any longer. The point at which your peripheral vision still reveals where there’s room for improvement, because you’re not yet so-focussed on the
routine that you overlook the objectively-unusual.
I feel like I’m close to that sweet spot, right now, and I’m enjoying the opportunity to challenge some of Firstup’s established patterns. Maybe there are things I’ve learned or
realised over the course of my career that might help make my new employer stronger and better? Whether not not that turns out to be the case, I’m enjoying poking at the edges to find
out!
Footnotes
1 The LED turned out to be attached to a laptop charger that was normally connected in
such a way that it wasn’t visible from my bed.
2 Like the first time you realise that you have a retinal blind spot and that your brain
is “filling in” the gaps based on what’s around it, like Photoshop’s “smart remove” tool is running within your head.
This is a blog post about things that make me nostalgic for other things that, objectively, aren’t very similar…
When I hear Dawnbreaker, I feel like I’m nine years old…
…and I’ve been allowed to play OutRun on the arcade cabinet at West View
Leisure Centre. My swimming lesson has finished, and normally I should go directly home.
On those rare occasions I could get away1
with a quick pause in the lobby for a game, I’d gravitate towards the Wonderboy machine. But there was something about the tactile
controls of OutRun‘s steering wheel and pedals that gave it a physicality that the “joystick and two buttons” systems couldn’t replicate.
The other thing about OutRun was that it always felt… fast. Like, eye-wateringly fast. This was part of what gave it such appeal2.
OutRun‘s main theme, Magical Sound Shower, doesn’t actually sound much like Dawnbreaker. But
both tracks somehow feel like… “driving music”?
But somehow when I’m driving or cycling and it this song comes on, I’m instantly transported back to those occasionally-permitted childhood games of OutRun4.
When I start a new Ruby project, I feel like I’m eleven years old…
It’s not quite a HELLO WORLD, but it’s pretty-similar.
At first I assumed that the tedious bits and the administrative overhead (linking, compiling, syntactical surprises, arcane naming conventions…) was just what “real”, “grown-up”
programming was supposed to feel like. But Ruby helped remind me that programming can be fun for its own sake. Not just because of the problems you’re solving or the product
you’re creating, but just for the love of programming.
The experience of starting a new Ruby project feels just like booting up my Amstrad CPC and being able to joyfully write code that will just work.
I still learn new programming languages because, well, I love doing so. But I’m yet to find one that makes me want
to write poetry in it in the way that Ruby does.
When I hear In Yer Face, I feel like I’m thirteen years old…
…and I’m painting Advanced HeroQuest miniatures6 in the attic at my dad’s house.
I’ve cobbled together a stereo system of my very own, mostly from other people’s castoffs, and set it up in “The Den”, our recently-converted attic7,
and my friends and I would make and trade mixtapes with one another. One tape began with 808 State’s In Yer Face8,
and it was often the tape that I would put on when I’d sit down to paint.
Advanced HeroQuest came with some fabulously ornate secondary components, like the doors that were hinged so their their open/closed state could be toggled, and I spent
way too long painting almost the entirety of my base set.
In a world before CD audio took off, “shuffle” wasn’t a thing, and we’d often listen to all of the tracks on a medium in sequence9.
That was doubly true for tapes, where rewinding and fast-forwarding took time and seeking for a particular track was challenging compared to e.g. vinyl. Any given song would loop around
a lot if I couldn’t be bothered to change tapes, instead just flipping again and again10.
But somehow it’s whenever I hear In Yer Face11
that I’m transported right back to that time, in a reverie so corporeal that I can almost smell the paint thinner.
When I see a personal Web page, I (still) feel like I’m fifteen years old…
…and the Web is on the cusp of becoming the hot “killer application” for the Internet. I’ve been lucky enough to be “online” for a few years by now12,
and basic ISP-provided hosting would very soon be competing with cheap, free, and ad-supported services like Geocities to be “the
place” to keep your homepage.
Nowadays, even with a hugely-expanded toolbox, virtually every corporate homepage fundamentally looks the same:
Logo in the top left
Search and login in the top right, if applicable
A cookie/privacy notice covering everything until you work out the right incantation to make it go away without surrendering your firstborn child
A “hero banner“
Some “below the fold” content that most people skip over
A fat footer with several columns of links, to ensure that all the keywords are there so that people never have to see this page and the search engine will drop
them off at relevant child page and not one of their competitors
Finally, a line of icons representing various centralised social networks: at least one is out-of-date, either because (a) it’s been renamed, (b) it’s changed its
branding, or (c) nobody with any moral fortitude uses that network any more14
But before the corporate Web became the default, personal home pages brought a level of personality that for a while I worried was forever dead.
2 Have you played Sonic Racing: CrossWorlds? The first time I played it I was overwhelmed by the speed and colours of the
game: it’s such a high-octane visual feast. Well that’s what OutRun felt like to those of us who, in the 1980s, were used to much-simpler and slower arcade games.
3 Also, how cool is it that Metrik has a blog, in this day and age? Max props.
4 Did you hear, by the way, that there’s talk of a movie adaptation of OutRun, which could turn out to be the worst
videogame-to-movie concept that I’ll ever definitely-watch.
5 In very-approximate order: C, Assembly, Pascal, HTML, Perl, Visual Basic (does that even
count as a “grown-up” language?), Java, Delphi, JavaScript, PHP, SQL, ASP (classic, pre-.NET), CSS, Lisp, C#, Ruby, Python (though I didn’t get on with it so well), Go, Elixir… plus
many others I’m sure!
6 Or possibly they were Warhammer Quest miniatures by this point; probably this memory spans one, and also the other, blended together.
7 Eventually my dad and I gave up on using the partially-boarded loft to intermittently
build a model railway layout, mostly using second-hand/trade-in parts from “Trains & Transport”, which was exactly the nerdy kind of model shop you’re imagining right now: underlit
and occupied by a parade of shuffling neckbeards, between whom young-me would squeeze to see if the mix-and-match bin had any good condition HO-gauge flexitrack. We converted the
attic and it became “The Den”, a secondary space principally for my use. This was, in the most part, a concession for my vacating of a large bedroom and instead switching to the
smallest-imaginable bedroom in the house (barely big enough to hold a single bed!), which in turn enabled my baby sister to have a bedroom of her own.
8 My copy of In Yer Face was possibly recorded from the radio by my friend ScGary, who always had a tape deck set up with his finger primed close to the record key when the singles chart came on.
9 I soon learned to recognise “my” copy of tracks by their particular cut-in and -out
points, static and noise – some of which, amazingly, survived into the MP3 era – and of course the tracks that came before or after them, and
there are still pieces of music where, when I hear them, I “expect” them to be followed by something that they used to some mixtape I listened to a lot 30+ years
ago!
10 How amazing a user interface affordance was it that playing one side of an audio
cassette was mechanically-equivalent to (slowly) rewinding the other side? Contrast other tape formats, like VHS, which were one-sided and so while rewinding there was
literally nothing else your player could be doing. A “full” audio cassette was a marvellous thing, and I especially loved the serendipity where a recognisable “gap” on one
side of the tape might approximately line-up with one on the other side, meaning that you could, say, flip the tape after the opening intro to one song and know that you’d be
pretty-much at the start of a different one, on the other side. Does any other medium have anything quite analogous to that?
11 Which is pretty rare, unless I choose to put it on… although I did overhear it
“organically” last summer: it was coming out of a Bluetooth speaker in a narrowboat moored in the Oxford Canal near Cropredy, where I was using the towpath to return from a long walk to nearby Northamptonshire where I’d been searching for a geocache. This was a particularly surprising
place to overhear such a song, given that many of the boats moored here probably belonged to attendees of Fairport’s Cropredy Convention, at which – being a folk music festival – one
might not expect to see significant overlap of musical taste with “Madchester”-era acid house music!
12 My first online experiences were on BBS systems, of which my very first was on a
mid-80s PC1512 using a 2800-baud acoustic coupler! I got onto the Internet at a point in the early 90s at which the Web
existed… but hadn’t yet demonstrated that it would eventually come to usurp the services that existed before it: so I got to use Usenet, Gopher, Telnet and IRC before I saw
my first Web browser (it was Cello, but I switched to Netscape Navigator soon after it was released).
13 On the rare occasion I close my browser, these days, it re-opens with whatever
hundred or so tabs I was last using right back where I left them. Gosh, I’m a slob for tabs.
14 Or, if it’s a Twitter icon: all three of these.
15 Of course, they’re harder to find. SEO-manipulating behemoths dominate the search
results while social networks push their “apps” and walled gardens to try to keep us off the bigger, wider Web… and the more you cut both our of your online life, the calmer and
happier you’ll be.
Clive Barker’s Imajica has long been one of my favourite fantasy novels. The heft of the single-volume edition renders it both unwieldy and
intimidating, which is probably why my most recent reading of it was only the fourth time I’ve enjoyed it from cover-to-cover. But enjoyed it I did, and I’m sure I’ll pick
it up again in a further decade or so for another adventure.
I’m aware that it draws comparison to his perhaps more-widely-read Weaveworld, but somehow that never did it for me in the same way. Perhaps my mistake was
reading Imajicafirst, way back when I was a teenager, and so satiating my appetite for “curious flawed everyman explores adjacent reality alongside magical
woman, faces horrors”; just an unfortunate coincidence that I picked up Weaveworld right after!
I also fully accept the critics who observe that it’s exceptionally drawn-out, at times. But where it does seem to drag, it does so with a certain gravity;
an inertia: the slower parts of the story are full of intention, and meaning, and – frequently – foreshadowing. I still find new expressions of its themes in
it, each time I read it. This time around, for example, I found myself finding a plethora of reflections of protagonist Gentle’s role as a forger: unable to create anything novel as an
artist (for reasons that become apparent in the long run) but only able to copy beautiful things belonging to others. This self-inflicted curse shows up again and again in innumerable
subtle ways before the truth of it is (finally, eventually – did I mention how weighty this fat book is?) exposed… and with such an epic tale it’s little wonder that it’s impossible to
remember all of the indications that preceded it!
I’ve long appreciated how Imajica plays with gender and, to a lesser-extent, relationships and sexuality, in a way that was revelatory for me on a first reading and which with
the benefit of hindsight I can see is incredibly progressive for its age. Gentle and Judith exist each to further the plot in their own ways, not as romantic “goals” for one another…
despite not only tropes in the genre but also the ways in which their characters are presented within their world – by which I mean: this isn’t a story about how they “get together at
the end”, and that subverts both the expectation of how they’re introduced in the writing and also the destinies with which their characters seem to be imbued. Pie’o’pah
presents, depending on the circumstance, as either male or female but also as some other gender entirely. Gender is a huge overarching theme, with a oppressive patriarchal
power that’s threatened by a mysterious feminine energy playing a key role that, like everything else, is quietly echoed throughout the novel.
But perhaps my favourite part of this wonderful book is its world-building, which – through the eyes of an outsider – paints a rich picture of each of several fantastical dominions.
Over the course of the adventure a character draws a map to chart the wonders of the story’s universe, but it’s ultimately incomplete (and perhaps impossible to complete). That’s what
it feels like to me as a reader, too: like being given a glimpse of a wider and even-more-wonderful world just beyond the horizon: a fantastical creation too large to ever fully
comprehend. While retaining a focus on the story of three-or-so core characters, Barker teases us with the idea that there’s “something more” just beyond our peripheral vision. And
that’s flipping amazing.
This post is also available as a video. If you'd prefer to watch/listen to
me talk about this topic, give it a look.
I am tired. For a couple of years I’ve been blaming it on iron-poor blood, lack of vitamins, diet, and a dozen other maladies. But now I’ve found out the real reason: I’m tired
because I’m overworked.
The population of the UK is 69 million1, of which the latest census has 37 million “of working age”2.
According to the latest statistics, 4,215,913 are unemployed3, leaving 32,784,087 people to do all the work.
19.2 million are in full time education4, 856,211 in the armed
forces5, and collectively central, regional, and local government employs 4.987 million6. This leaves just 12,727,876
to do all of the real work.
Long term disabilities affect 6.9 million7. 393,000 are on visas that prohibit them from working8, and 108,0859 are working their way through the
asylum process.
Of the remaining 339,791 people, a hundred thousand are in prison10 and 239,789 are in hospital11.
That leaves just two people to do all the work that keeps this country on its feet.
You and me.
And you’re sitting reading this.
This joke originally appeared aeons ago. I first saw it in a chain email in around 199612, when I adapted it from a US-centric version to a more
British one and re-circulated it among some friends… taking the same kinds of liberties with the numbers that are required to make the gag work.
And now I’ve updated it with some updated population statistics13.
12 In fact, I rediscovered it while looking through an old email backup from 1997,
which inspired this blog post.
13 Using the same dodgy arithmetic, cherry-picking, double-counting, wild
over-estimations, and hand-waving nonsense. Obviously this is a joke. Oh god, is somebody on the satire-blind Internet of 2026 going to assume any of these numbers are
believable? (They’re not.) Or think I’m making some kind of political point? (I’m not.) What a minefield we live in, nowadays.
I was having trouble visualising the dice probabilities for some Forged in the Dark-based1
RPGs2, so I drew myself a
diagram. I don’t know who, if anybody, would be interested in such a thing other than me… but that’s why we put these things online, right?
1-3: Failure – depending on the circumstances you might be
able to try again (with greater risk) and/or suffer some kind of consequence (a “harm” or “complication”).
4-5: Limited success – you succeed, but with come kind of
consequence.
6: Success – you succeed!
Multiple 6s: Critical – you succeed, and it’s more-effective
than you’d hoped or you gain some other benefit4.
If you’re playing Blades in the Dark or another Forged in the Dark-based game and find it useful to visualise how likely you are to get screwed-over by the dice…
you’re welcome!
Footnotes
1Forged in the Dark is the name of the permissively-licensed SRD originally used
for fantasy RPG Blades in the Dark, but it’s been used in plenty of other places too where its relatively fast-and-loose mechanics are best-suited. Sharp-eyed readers might
have noticed this come up in a repost from last week, too…
2 I may or may not be considering Forged in the Dark as the engine for a
prototype RPG environment I’ve been half-heartedly constructing this winter…
3 A task for which you’ve prepared and have trained, in an area in which you’re skilled,
and for which you’re well-equipped (e.g. an accomplished thief takes the time to carefully pick a basic lock using fine tools) is likely to involve rolling more dice than a
less-fortunate individual.
Over the Christmas break I dug out my old HTC Vive VR gear, which I got way back in the Spring of 2016. Graphics card technology having come a long
way1,
it was now relatively simple to set up a fully-working “holodeck” in our living room with only a slight risk to the baubles on the Christmas tree.
For our younger child, this was his first experience of “roomscale VR”, which I maintain is the most magical thing about this specific kind of augmented
reality. Six degrees of freedom for your head and each of your hands provides the critical level of immersion, for me.
And you know what: this ten-year-old hardware of mine still holds up and is still awesome!2
The kids and I have spent a few days dipping in and out of classics like theBlu, Beat Saber, Job Simulator, Vacation Simulator, Raw Data,
and (in my case3)
Half-Life: Alyx.
It doesn’t feel too heavy, but this first edition Vive sure is a big beast, isn’t it?
I’m moderately excited by the upcoming Steam Frame with its skinny headset, balanced weight, high-bandwidth
wireless connectivity, foveated streaming, and built-in PC for basic gaming… but what’s with those controllers? Using AA batteries instead of a built-in rechargeable one feels like a
step backwards, and the lack of a thumb “trackpad” seems a little limiting too. I’ll be waiting to see the reviews, thanks.
When I looked back at my blog to double-check that my Vive really is a decade old, I was reminded that I got it in the same month at Three
Rings‘ 2016 hackathon, then called “DevCamp”, near Tintern4.
This amused me, because I’m returning to Tintern this year, too, although on family holiday rather than Three Rings business. Maybe I’ll visit on a third occasion in
another decade’s time, following another round of VR gaming?
Footnotes
1 The then-high-end graphics card I used to use to drive this rig got replaced
many years ago… and then that replacement card in turn got replaced recently, at which point it became a hand-me-down for our media centre PC in the living room.
2 I’ve had the Vive hooked-up in the office since our house move in 2020, but there’s rarely been space for roomscale play there: just an occasional bit of Elite: Dangerous at my desk…
which is still a good application of VR, but not remotely the same thing as being able to stand up and move around!
3 I figure Alyx be a little scary/intense for the kids, but I could be
wrong. I think the biggest demonstration of how immersive the game can be in VR is the moment when you see how somebody can watch it played on the big screen and be fine but as soon
as they’re in the headset and a combine zombie has you pinned-down in a railway carriage and it’s suddenly way too much!
4 Where, while doing a little geocaching, I messed-up a bonus cache’s coordinate
calculation, realised my mistake, brute-forced the possible answers, narrowed it down to two… and then picked the wrong one and fell off a cliff.
I’ve found myself, unusually, with enough free time for videogaming this Christmas period. As a result I’ve played – and loved enough to play to completion – not one
but two games that I’d like to recommend to you!
Egg
Egg, released last month by Terry Cavanagh, is a frustrating but satisfying 3D puzzle platformer playable for free on the Web or downloadable for a variety of platforms.
If Getting Over It with Bennett Foddy was a story about eggs instead of a man whose legs are stuck in a cauldron…
then it’d still be much harder than Egg, which almost never made me want to throw my computer out of the window.
It’s not quite a “rage game”, because it’s got copious checkpoints, but it will cause at least a little frustration as you perform challenging timed jumps to deliver each
of your six eggs to suitable nests hidden throughout the map. But I enjoyed it: it was never too hard, and it always felt like my hard work was paid-off in satisfying
ways.
I probably spent a little over an hour lost in its retro aesthetic, and was delighted to do so: maybe you should give it a go too.
Dispatch
You probably don’t need me to introduce you to Dispatch, from AdHoc Studio, because the Internet
has gone wild over it and rightly. Available for PlayStation and Steam, it’s a narrative-driven multi-pathed game that straddles both storytelling and strategic resource management
mechanics.
And it does the best job I’ve seen at making it feel like your choices matter since Pentiment. Perhaps
longer.
For the bits in-between the strategy layer, the quicktime events, and the dialogue choices, the game seamlessly slips into pre-rendered video that provides a best-in-class
“interactive movie” experience.
The story is well-written and wonderfully voice-acted: I’d have absolutely been happy to watch this “superhero workplace comedy” as a TV show! But the way it has you second-guessing
your choices and your priorities every step of the way significantly adds to the experience.
The basic gameplay is intuitive, lightweight fun, with a couple of surprises along the way… but it’s the story that’ll keep you hooked to the end of the eighth episode. There’s a good
chance this one’s going to win a ton of awards.
It only took about 8-10 hours of my time, spread over two or three sessions, but it’s very “episodic” so if – like me – you need to be able to dip in and out of games (when life gets in
the way) it’s still a great choice. And there’s some replay-value too: I’m definitely going to run through it a second time.
So if you’ve got at-least-as-much space for videogaming in your life as I do (which isn’t a high bar), those are my two “hot picks” for the season.
But just sometimes, somebody asks2 “Yeah, but what does your birth
certificate say?”
My birth certificate says… Dan Q. Fuck the haters3.
It didn’t used to say “Dan Q”, but nowadays… yes, that’s exactly what my birth certificate says.
Y’see, I was born in Scotland, and Scottish law – in contrast to the law of England & Wales4
– permits a change of name to recorded retroactively for folks whose births (or adoptions) were
registered there.
And so, after considering it for a few months, I filled out an application form, wrote an explanatory letter to help the recipient understand that yes,
I’d already changed my name but was just looking for modify a piece of documentation, and within a few weeks I was holding an updated birth certificate. It was pretty
easy.
Somehow my modification does not make this Rick and Morty episode any more batshit-crazy than
it already was.
I flip-flopped on the decision for a while. Not only is it a functionally-pointless gesture – there’s no doubt what my name is! – but I was also concerned about what it
implies.
Am I trying to deny that I ever went by a different name? Am I trying to disassociate myself from my birth family? (No, and no, obviously.)
But it “feels right”. And as a bonus: I now know my way around yet another way for (some) Brits to change their names. Thanks to my work at FreeDeedPoll.org.uk I get an increasing amount of email from people looking for help with their name
changes, and now I’ve got first-hand experience of an additional process that might be a good choice for some people, some of the time5.
Footnotes
1 By the time you’ve got your passport, driving license, bank account, bills etc. in your
name, there’s really no need to be able to prove that you changed it. What it is is more-important anyway.
2 Usually with the same judgemental tone of somebody who insists that one’s “real” name is
the one assigned closest to birth.
3 If you’re zooming in on the details on that birth certificate and thinking “Hang on, he
told me he was an Aquarius but this date would make him a Capricon?”, then I’ve got news for you about that too.
4 Pedants might like to enjoy using the comments to point out the minority of
circumstances under which a birth certificate can be modified retroactively – potentially including name changes – under English law.
5 I maintain that a free, home-made deed poll is the easiest and cheapest way to change
your name, as a British citizen, and that’s exactly what FreeDeedPoll.org.uk helps people produce… and since its relaunch it does its processing entirely in-browser, which is totally badass from both a hosting and a user privacy perspective.
Modern CSS is freakin’ amazing. Widespread support for nesting, variables, :has, and :not has unlocked so much potential. But I don’t yet see it used widely
enough.
Suppose I have a form where I’m expecting, but not requiring, a user to choose an option from each of several drop-downs. I want to make it more visually-obvious
which drop-downs haven’t yet had an option selected. Something like this:
It’s a slightly gnarly selector, but thanks to nesting you could choose to break it into multiple blocks if you preferred.
What that’s saying is:
a <select>
that contains an <option>
where that <option> does not have a value="..."
and that <option> is currently selected
gains a dotted red outline around it
Or in short: if the default option is selected, highlight it so the user knows they haven’t chosen a value yet. Sweet!
Obviously you could expand this to have different effects for every value, if you wanted.
I can’t understate how valuable it is that we can do this in CSS, nowadays. Compared to doing it in JavaScript… CSS gives better performance and reliability and is much easier to
implement in a progressively-enhanced manner.
Here’s another example, this time using a fun “dress-up Dan” feature I from a redesign of my blog theme that I’m hoping to launch in the New Year:
If you’ve ever wanted to know what I’d look like if I were an elderly Tom Scott, my new design will answer that question!
Every single bit of interactivity shown in the video above… from the “waving” Dan to the popup menu to the emoji-styled checkboxes to the changes to t-shirt and hair
colours… is implemented in CSS.
The underlying HTML is all semantic, e.g. the drop-down menu is a <details>/<summary> pair (with thanks to Eevee for
the inspiration); its contents are checkbox and radiobutton <input>es; the images are SVGs that use CSS variables (another killer feature these years!) to specify
colours (among other things), and virtually everything else… is CSS.
Consider this:
:root{
/* Default values for Dan's t-shirt, hair, and beard colours used throughout the site: */--dan-tshirt:#c3d4d7;
--dan-hair:#3b6f8f;
--dan-beard:#896a51;
/* ...more variables... */
}
/* When the page contains a "checked" checkbox, update some variables: */
:root:has(#dan-tshirt-color-white:checked){--dan-tshirt:#c3d4d7;}
:root:has(#dan-tshirt-color-purple:checked){--dan-tshirt:#7429a8;}
/* ... */
:root:has(#dan-hair-color-natural:checked){--dan-hair:#896a51;}
:root:has(#dan-hair-color-blue:checked){--dan-hair:#3b6f8f;}
/* When "dye beard" is checked, copy the hair colour: */
:root:has(#dan-dye-beard-toggle:checked){--dan-beard:var(--dan-hair);}
The ability to set :root CSS variables, based on the status of user-controlled elements like checkboxes within the document, unlocks amazing options for interactivity. It
also works in smaller scopes like HTML Web Components, of course, for encapsulated functionality.
If you’re still using JavaScript for things like this, perhaps it’s time you looked at how much CSS has grown up this last decade or so. CSS gives you performance benefits, less
fragility, and makes it easier for you to meet your accessibility and usability goals.
You can still enrich what you create with JavaScript if you like (I’ve got a few lines of JS that save those checkbox states to localStorage so they persist
through page loads, for example).
But a CSS-based approach moves more of your functionality from the “nice to have” to “core” column. And that’s something we can all get behind, right?
An additional thing I wanted to implement – again, for the next version of my blog’s theme – was an “alt text viewer”. Mastodon has one, and it’s excellent2.
Mastodon’s viewer requires JavaScript, but I was inspired when I saw James come up with a
CSS-based version that used a re-styled checkbox.
But I wanted to do one better. Displaying alt text, too, seems like an example of what would semantically be best-represented by a
<details>/<summary> pair.
Clicking on the image shows a larger version in a lightbox; clicking on the ‘alt’ button shows the alt text… all in semantic HTML and vanilla CSS.3
My first attempt tried to put the alt-text widget inside the <summary> of the original image, but that’s an accessibility no-no, so instead I
wrap both<details> blocks (the lightbox, and the alt-text revealer) inside a container and then reposition the latter over the former.
The rest is all the same kinds of tricks I demonstrated previously, to ensure that you can click in-and-out of both in an intuitive way and that keyboard navigation works as you’d
expect.
I can’t use it on my blog yet (because if I do, it’ll probably break horribly when I add the functionality to my entire theme, later!), but I’ve put together a demonstration page that showcases the technique, plus a GitHub repo with all of the code (which is all public domain/unlicensed). Go have a
play and tell me what you think!
Footnotes
1 As a secondary goal, using <details>/<summary>
means that it’ll behave better when CSS is disabled or unavailable, which’ll make it easier to celebrate Naked CSS Day!
2 Why would I, a sighted person, need an alt text viewer, you ask? All kinds of reasons.
Good alt text is for everybody, and can help by providing context, e.g. “explaining” the joke or identifying the probably-well-known-but-I-didn’t-recognise-them subject of a
photo. Here’s some more reasons.
3 If you love owls and you love accessibility, this is the kind of example you should give
a hoot about.
This weekend, I received my copy of DOCTYPE, and man: it feels like a step back to yesteryear to type in a computer program from a
magazine: I can’t have done that in at least thirty years.
So yeah, DOCTYPE is a dead-tree (only) medium magazine containing the source code to 10 Web pages which, when typed-in to your computer, each provide you with some kind of fun and
interactive plaything. Each of the programs is contributed by a different author, including several I follow and one or two whom I’m corresponded with at some point or another, and each
brings their own personality and imagination to their contribution.
I opted to start with Stuart Langridge‘s The Nine Pyramids, a puzzle game about trying to connect all nodes in a 3×3 grid in a
continuous line bridging adjacent (orthogonal or diagonal) nodes without visiting the same node twice nor moving in the same direction twice in a row (that last provision is described
as “not visiting three in a straight line”, but I think my interpretation would have resulted in simpler code: I might demonstrate this, down the line!).
The puzzle actually made me stop to think about it for a bit, which was unexpected and pleasing!
Per tradition with this kind of programming, I made a couple of typos, the worst of which was missing an entire parameter in a CSS conic-gradient() which resulted in the
majority of the user interface being invisible: whoops! I found myself reminded of typing-in the code for Werewolves and
Wanderer from The Amazing Amstrad Omnibus, whose data section – the part most-liable to be affected by a typographic bug without introducing a syntax error – had
a helpful “checksum” to identify if a problem had occurred, and wishing that such a thing had been possible here!
But thankfully a tiny bit of poking in my browser’s inspector revealed the troublesome CSS and I was able to complete the code, and then the puzzle.
I’ve really been enjoying DOCTYPE, and you can still buy a copy if you’d like one of your own. It manages to simultaneously feel both fresh and nostalgic,
and that’s really cool.
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