May 2026 – Dan Q

Converting ISO Country Codes to Flag Emojis

Today I learned something that is probably already well-known in some circles… but I hadn’t noticed it before and it made me go “wow”:

There’s a really simple algorithm for converting ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes into the emoji representations of the flags of those countries.

I made an interactive to show how it works (enter a two-letter country code!). There’s a longer explanation below:

Non-interactive widget demonstrative conversion of two-letter ISO country codes into emoji flags.

Here’s the essence of the algorithm:

Take the two-letter country code, e.g. FR for France.
Get the character code of the uppercase variant of each letter: so F becomes 70 and R becomes 82.¹
Add 127,397 to each of them, so now F is 127,467 and R 127,479.
Render the unicode characters at those codepoints: F turns into 🇫 and R turns into 🇷.
Concatenate those characters and you get the emoji of the flag: 🇫🇷

I’ve often find things that are wonderfully clever about Unicode, but this might be my new favourite.

func countryEmojiFlag(countryCode string) string {
  cc := strings.ToUpper(strings.TrimSpace(countryCode))
  if len(cc) != 2 || cc[0] < 'A' || cc[0] > 'Z' || cc[1] < 'A' || cc[1] > 'Z' {
    return ""
  }
  return string([]rune{rune(cc[0]) + 127397, rune(cc[1]) + 127397})
}

My actual implementation was Go, rather than JavaScript², as part of a side project this weekend. Here’s the function I came up with.

Today was also the day that I discovered that while SU is a reserved 2-letter ISO 3166-1 designation for the Soviet Union, the flag of the USSR is not a registered emoji. But if it were, we can work out what codepoint it’d be at! So I can type this – 🇸🇺 – here, safe in the knowledge that if that emoji comes to exist in the future, then you’ll be able to revisit this blog post and see it!

You know what: there might be a game in these country codes and their flags somewhere. Like: a game where you have to get from one country to another: like, say, from the 🇨🇰 Cook Islands (CK) to 🇧🇯 Benin (BJ). But you’re only allowed to change one letter at a time and you have to land in a real country. I think the fastest route between those two takes three steps, e.g. 🇨🇰 Cook Islands (CK) to 🇹🇰 Tokelau (TK) to 🇹🇯 Tajikstan (TJ) to 🇧🇯 Benin (BJ)… It’s probably a bit easy though: I haven’t yet found any that require more than three moves and most can be done in just two.

It gets a lot harder if you require letters to only be changed to an adjacent letter, but this variant makes some permutations impossible. Maybe there’s an optimisation puzzle in the style of the Travelling Salesman problem? Or maybe by mixing in geographical restrictions such as an inability to visit a certain continent that would make it more challenging and fun? Just brainstorming here…

Footnotes

¹ An alternative way of thinking about it is that you’re taking the number of the letter in the alphabet – e.g F=6, R=18 – and adding 64 to each. Here’s why, and why it’s beautiful.

² I don’t get to write Go often, and I seem to get rusty at it quickly, but I enjoy the feeling of writing something so raw and yet so clean.

Ground White Pepper

There are many things I don’t like about the kitchen in the Chicory House where we’re living medium-term following our house flood.

But I like the fact that the integrated spice rack makes it much easier to see where we perhaps have a very-specific blind spot for “buying a new one where the last one’s still more than half-full”.

Wikipedia @ 25: Surface plasmon resonance

I think I’m probably done with my blog (and podcast) series of Wikpedia @ 25 posts. It’s been a surprising amount of work.

But don’t think I’ve stopped hitting Random Article! Today I was reading about surface plasmon resonance, and, despite looking at it on and off all day… I still don’t think I “get” it. I’ve even dived into the linked articles to try to get a background understanding of the topics around it, but… nope. It’s still all gibberish to me!

Think I need the ELI5 version!

Disabling AI in WordPress 7.0

This is a repost promoting content originally published elsewhere. See more things Dan's reposted.

…

Because I have access to wp-config.php, I added the following to my file:
define( 'WP_AI_SUPPORT', false );
…
Nicholas A. Ferrell, in Disabling AI in WordPress 7.0

A useful tip.

Personally, I’ve got what feels like an even-better approach (for me, at least) I switched to ClassicPress a year and a bit ago, and haven’t looked back! It’s a stripped-down fork of WordPress with no Gutenberg, lighter JavaScript, and a handful of other features… plus ClassicPress is already AI-free and staying that way.

This isn’t to say that you can’t use AI with ClassicPress. Just that you’re not having to install the feature if you’re never going to use it. With WordPress’s good plugin architecture it seems strange to me that such divisive features would become part of the core product, but that just seems to be the direction that the project’s been going in for a while now.

Bringing Three Rings volunteers together: doing remote-first in person, and what to eat in a crisis

This is a repost promoting content originally published elsewhere. See more things Dan's reposted.

…

Three Rings CIC is, and always has been, a fully-remote organisation. We were doing remote working almost two decades before the Pandemic made it cool (and well before tools like Slack and Zoom were a thing: we cut our remote-first teeth using IRC as our collaboration tool!), but, there are still sometimes occasions when it’s good to have as many people as possible physically in a room.

When, last year, the Nightline Association announced it was closing down, it put one of their key services, Nightline Portal, which helps Nightlines to take and handle calls these days, in serious risk: someone had to host and maintain it, and that had always been the Association. At the point the announcement was made, in February, the Portal team had about four months to find it a new home.

It took me some degree of back-and-forth with the Nightline Association on one side, and it required some careful governance and planning at our end (as well as a few shifts in short-term priorities!), but – helped by the fact we all wanted the best possible outcome for Nightlines – we got an agreement in place, a budget plan agreed, and were able to ensure Portal would keep going, for free faster than I think anyone had expected.

That mattered to Nightlines, because to them, it’s critical infrastructure. And it mattered to us, because Nightlines were where Three Rings began, back in 2002. Today, we support everything from major national charities to tiny community shops, but Nightlines remain close to our heart. Almost all our team – across a wide range of “x decades ago”! – started as Nightline volunteers; we’ve nearly all spent the night awake, quietly waiting out the small hours, in case one of our fellow students needs someone to talk to in a crisis and offering a listening ear when they called. We weren’t going to let that community lose something it relied on.

But adopting Portal meant a lot of work, against the clock. Data validation, new agreements, rebudgeting, and, once that was all done, a full migration to shift Portal from the Nightline Association’s server infrastructure to ours. So to get that done, we organised an in-person meetup, “Portal Camp,” in a reasonably central hotel. Volunteers gave up their weekend, left their homes on Friday evening for two more days of work, and we brought everyone together. We spent Saturday morning planning, carrying out test migrations, preparing comms, and agreed yes – we can go.

…

John Trevor-Allen FCLIP, in Bringing Three Rings volunteers together: doing remote-first in person, and what to eat in a crisis

About a year ago I helped look after the technical side of the “lifeboating” of Portal into Three Rings, right through the point that everything went wrong and my developers almost missed dinner (and, indeed, had to eat at their laptops!). I mentioned at the time my awe and pride of them, but JTA’s post goes deeper and further and hints at the (much bigger) structural and procedural changes that were needed to adopt Portal.

A great thing about volunteering with Three Rings is that we get to ask, on any given day “how can we do the most good?” Not “will this give value to shareholders?” Not “what’s the marketing strategy for this?” Not “can this deliver return on investment?” Those are questions for a very different kind of organisation to us. We get to ask, each and every day, “how can we do the most good?”

That question is why, for me, adopting Portal into the Three Rings family, last year, was a no-brainer. Dozens of voluntary organisations depended upon it, and we had the skills and volunteers and technical infrastructure to stop it from dying.

Anyway: JTA’s post on LinkedIn is better, and more-interesting, and somehow also funnier than mine, so go read that. And if you want to talk volunteering with me, I’d love to chat!

Is AI Profitable Yet?

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Is AI Profitable Yet?

No surprises here, but it’s interesting/staggering to see quite how large the disparity between spending and profit is for some of these companies.

I enjoy the fact that there’s a real-time ticker on the site so you can watch Amazon (for example) burn five thousand dollars a second.

When I tell people that generative AI, as it’s currently used, is unsustainable, this is what I’m talking about. Unless there’s a quantum leap in AI efficiency (for which I’ve seen no evidence of the feasibility) or a dramatic increase in the charged cost of LLM services (on the order of a tenfold increase assuming the increased cost does not drive any customers away; more if it does), this whole thing looks like a house of cards.

Wikipedia @ 25: Carl Person

Duration 5:55

Podcast Version

This post is also available as a podcast. Listen here, download for later, or subscribe wherever you consume podcasts.

To celebrate the site’s 25th birthday this year, Wikipedia is encouraging/challenging people to read one Wikipedia article a day for 25 consecutive days. I felt that I could do one better than that: not only reading an article but – where I found one that was particularly interesting – to write a blog post or record a podcast episode for each of those days, sharing what I learned. For each entry, I’ll hit “random article” a few times until something catches my interest, start reading, and then start writing! Everything I’ve written below came from Wikipedia… so you should check other sources before you use it to do your homework. Happy birthday, Wikipedia!

Today’s random article: Carl Person
Today’s topic: Carl Person

Just sometimes when you’re playing the “hey, Wikipedia, give me a random page” game, you get a hole in one. That’s what happened today when I landed on the article for… Carl Person.

Carl Person, an older white man with receding grey-white hair, wearing a smart three-piece suit, leans against a planter in an marbled ornamental garden. — Whatever else you can say about him, he looks pretty dapper in a suit. Photo courtesy Carl Person, used under a Creative Commons license. Knowing that he *has* a Wikipedia account (which he used to upload this photo), I took the time to browse the article history and check for any obvious signs of tampering, sockpuppetry, or other foul play, but it looks reasonably clean.

Yes, Person is his actual surname. Speaking as a person with a stupid name, it pleases me to find people whose names probably cause them at least as much trouble as mine does. Wikipedia wasn’t any help at understanding where the surname Person comes from (and Carl himself isn’t even noteworthy enough to appear on the list of “notable people with that surname”, it seems).

However I did enjoy discovering jazz saxophonist Houston Person (which sounds like the beginning of a news headline about somebody from Houston!) who once released an album called… Person to Person! Excellent. Also, actress and filmmaker Marina Person whose documentary about her father, filmmaker Luis Sérgio Person, was titled simply Person. I think the name might be related to Swedish surname Persson – literally, “son of Per” – where Per is a Scandinavian variant of Peter. This probably means that there’s a “Per Person” somewhere in the world, and I want to meet him.

Anyway: back to Carl. He trained as a lawyer and spent the 1960s working in a variety of corporate law firms. These included the one for which Richard Nixon was a partner, during that period after Nixon failed to get elected as Governor of California and announced that he was retiring from politics… only to come back six years later to be elected president and, well, you know the rest.

The interesting bits of Carl’s career came later.

After the American Bar Association endorsed the concept of a paralegal in 1967, Person founded the Paralegal Institute, a name that’s so-polluted with people using it that even the closest-named Wikipedia article seems to be talking about something similar… but different. (This seems to be pretty much par for the course in the American paralegal system, though: did you know that a “certified paralegal” and a “certificated paralegal” are two completely distinct and non-interchangeable things?)

A brown-skinned woman sits at a desk surrounded by binders of paperwork. — Paralegals! All of the work; a fraction of the pay!

Anyway: other things he did as part of his legal career were –

Represented other members of The Teenagers (then The Premiers, because confusingly the band changed their name to “The Teenagers” when they got older) in their efforts to reclaim shared copyright of their 1956 hit Why Do Fools Fall in Love from lead singer Frankie Lymon and Gee Records.
Represented playwright Mark Dunn in his successful claim that The Truman Show was based upon his 1992 play, Frank’s Life, whose script he’d previously attempted to sell to Paramount.
Helped Ralph Anspach (whose book I read before writing this 2013 blog post!) in his appeal against a ruling that Anspach’s board game Anti-Monopoly was derivative of Parker Brothers‘ stake in Monopoly: the appeal was successful at least in part because Person and Anspach were able to prove that Monopoly was, itself, derived from Lizzie Magie‘s The Landlord’s Game. (Fun fact: this was the second time Carl successfully took on Parker Brothers; the first being the Masterpiece case, representing Christian Thee!)

In 2012 Person put himself forward to be the Libertarian candidate for the presidential election, losing out to Gary Johnson (who had in turn switched sides after he realised he wasn’t going to become the Republican nominee). Gary Johnson eventually got 0.99% of the popular vote, almost breaking the 1% barrier that only 33 third-party candidates have ever achieved in US history.

Not a bad bit of reading for a hole-in-one article.

Twenty Inches

I let the elder kid choose her lunch. She chose a pizza so huge that each slice is larger than her entire face. Needless to say, she needed a little help with it!

My Biggest Fan

As both the UK’s heatwave and my up-and-down England road trip continue, I think I’ve finally found a fan big enough to cool me off.

Pied Wagtail and Coffee

Drinking a coffee while editing a podcast episode in the beautiful Ullswater valley, and this lovely little pied wagtail came by to say good morning!

Wikipedia @ 25: Cirrothauma Murrayi

Duration 7:29

Podcast Version

This post is also available as a podcast. Listen here, download for later, or subscribe wherever you consume podcasts.

To celebrate the site’s 25th birthday this year, Wikipedia is encouraging/challenging people to read one Wikipedia article a day for 25 consecutive days. I felt that I could do one better than that: not only reading an article but – where I found one that was particularly interesting – to write a blog post or record a podcast episode for each of those days, sharing what I learned. For each entry, I’ll hit “random article” a few times until something catches my interest, start reading, and then start writing! Everything I’ve written below came from Wikipedia… so you should check other sources before you use it to do your homework. Happy birthday, Wikipedia!

Today’s random article: Cirrothauma
Today’s topic: Cirrothauma murrayi

My random landing page today is a genus for which there’s only a single species, so I hopped over to that species’ page.

And what a species!

Orange-pink octopus with a long web skirting between its tentacles and a distinct butterfly-shaped elongated shell from its head. — Somehow it looks more like an alien than octopodes normally do! Drawing produced by Carl Chung in 1910.

This is the blind cirrate octopus (cirrothauma murrayi), a species found beneath the oceans all around the world but at such a depth that they’re not well-understood. We’re not even sure whether the specimens we’ve studied represent a single species or two separate species!

The Latin name comes from oceanographer John Murray, best known for his Challenger Expedition from 1872–1876, but whose four month North Atlantic Oceanographic Expedition in 1910 – which he self-funded – was the first to find this unusual species. It was described by Carl Chun, whose previous claim to fame had been the discovery of the (also amazingly alien-looking) vampire squid, seven years earlier.

(The vampire squid is its own amazing thing: did you know that it turns itself inside out to evade predators, exposing the inner surface of its spiked tentacles? Also it can spit glow-in-the-dark mucus to dazzle an attacker.)

You can tell it’s a cirrate octopus by those fins on its head. Cirrates are one of the two major families of octopodes: they’re the ones that do have a pair of mini strands dangling off each sucker on each tentacle, but don’t have an ink sac. They’re also notoriously fragile, and when we’ve pulled them up for research purposes they’re often in poor condition by the time they’re on the surface… and that’s especially true for deep dwellers like the blind cirrate octopus.

As for blind: well – it’s got eyes… but those eyes don’t have lenses. As a result, they’re probably able to tell light from dark but probably can’t make out the particular shapes of objects. (This is a great example, contrary to claims of irreducible complexity in the eye by proponents of “intelligent design” of an eye with only some of the components that seem essential to a fully-functional organ that still provides value for its host!).

Speaking of which – do you know how cool the eyes of an octopus are?

Vertebrate (left) and cephalopod (right) eyes have several distinct differences which suggest different evolutionary origins. In cephalopods, the retina (1) is routed in front of the nerve fibres (2) that connect to the optic nerve (3), meaning that cephalopods do not have the “blind spot” (4) that vertebrates do.

Like all cephalopods, they have no blind spot because their retina is in front of the nerve fibres instead of behind them.
Like squid and possibly cuttlefish, they can differentiate the polarisation of light. (I believe that sheep and goats can, too!)
Their pupils automatically rotate to stay horizontal, no matter which way up they are!

There’s some debate about whether or not octopodes and other cephalopods’ eyes evolved from a shared ancestor or are an example of convergent evolution, and the arguments for both are really interesting.

Of course, our friend the blind cirrate octopus is, umm… mostly blind. Very different from other octopodes.

As I said, we know so little about it! We don’t know what it eats (we think it probably eats whole shellfish). We don’t know how it breeds. We don’t know how commonplace it is or whether its environment is under threat.

But what we do know is that it’s a freaky-looking thing from way down deep. Thanks, Wikipedia, for telling me about this strange beast. Let’s see what you have to share with me tomorrow!

Self-clear area

I spent a while failing to interpret this sign. It seemed to be saying that if you didn’t clear your tray… then you’d get ketchup poured on your wrist?

It turns out there’s a baby bottle warming station on the other side of the bins.

(It is possible they my brain is struggling from a lack of sleep.)

Note #29298

It’s been too damn hot out, so Ruth, the kids, and I took refuge at the snow park of an indoor ski centre!

Wikipedia @ 25: Milices Patriotiques

My random Wikipedia article of the day was Milices Patriotiques, who were a 22,000-strong communist group and part of the Belgian resistance in the Second World War. Which sounded really interesting, but their article was tragically short so that’s pretty much all I have to say about them!

Note #29294

Hold your head up high and show some PRIDE.